Saturday, November 30, 2019

Leadership aspect at Сhris company

Many descriptions for leadership exist in the present society but a general explanation for this concept means a process in which a person leads while others follow. A leader ensures the organization of his team to achieve certain goals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Leadership aspect at Ð ¡hris company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of these goals include profit maximization, increase sales volume, and improve customer satisfaction as well as employee satisfaction. A myriad group of leaders prevail from the industrial to the domesticated level and they comprise the following entities: Charismatic, democratic and autocratic leaders are just a few types of leaders. The democratic leadership style is seen to be the widely applied leadership style. Notably, no company endeavored into the sports equipment business except Chris Company thus an advantage on its side. However, the rising levels of competi tors in the same market pose as an enormous competition for Chris Company. Alternatively, the fact that the competitors are producing low quality products is an opportunity and an advantage to the company. In an attempt to restore confidence and trust in the organization, the CEO should first disband the whole finance team and employ a new CFO. The management should transfer all employees in the department to other departments within the organization in order to ensure productivity. The departments incorporate logistics, the sales department as well as the human resource sector. The CEO should also ensure that there is an assurance department in the organization responsible for auditing all the departments.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lack of an assurance department raises tension within the employability realm hence calling for the creation of one. The employment o f a new CFO will eventually restore confidence and trust in the organization. Chris Company is the single group manufacturing the sports equipment hence posing as an advantage to it. In order to take advantage of the popularity of the sport, Chris Company needs to improve its marketing plan. This means that Chris Company will have to increase its advertising campaigns whilst basing this to quality assurance and efficiency in production. In addition, Chris Company should also hire sales representatives responsible for promoting it products in various parts of the world. In accumulation to the above, the sales representatives should ensure that they attend the Olympic Games to market the equipment and to learn better IMC techniques. This will not only increase the popularity of the company but increase the sales and eventually the profits. Marketing parse is not the only channel to success rather the CEO should also look for alternative means to finance its working capital. After rema ining with an operating capital of 70%, the company requires more finances to reach the 100% mark of the operating capital. The management and leadership process is in a continuum and the CEO should give directions to the HR department to increase the workforce in the factory. This means that the requisite labor force should have the capacity to work efficiently in a cost effective manner in order to reduce the work backlog and increase profits. In designing a plan in order to stay at the top of the market, all departments will need representation. The CEO should ensure a strategic plan formulation and ensure that all departments take part in this process. From an overview of the organizational structure, it desires a restructure.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Leadership aspect at Ð ¡hris company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This necessitates the inclusion of new departments within the same structure to make it robust but manageable. The most appropriate departments for inclusion engross the audit and assurance department as well as the procurement department. Finally, the plan should ensure that each department is functional and relevant. As such, they should create targets that the management reviews periodically depending on the different strengths they possess including finances and the social structures. In conclusion, leadership in management especially during the formulation of a new company is extremely important. This is because it has the team building capacity that fosters the need for unity and making rational decisions through popular participation and liaison. This case study on Leadership aspect at Ð ¡hris company was written and submitted by user Nickolas U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

A Justified Criticism of Platos The Republic essays

A Justified Criticism of Platos The Republic essays Platos The Republic has taken the ancient and contemporary world by storm, inciting both birth and death of paradigms concerning the state and society. By that phenomenon, it brought with it a gush of relentless controversy while revealing and yet concealing subjectively realities on the emptiness and incompleteness of human existence. Some may probably have perceived it as a rational approach to politics, some a repression of the free human spirit, while some may probably view it as a mere product of a delusive mind. However the existence of these convictions, each of us must try to take his own stand by examining and weighing its value or even figuring if it does possess any. Taking the tone of the rhetoric, we shall embark on the whole course of this worthwhile journey guided by the question, could the philosophies presented in Platos writing in fact be useful to mankind or should it remain but a far-fetched fantasy nature would never allow to materialize? For some reason, the form in which Plato preferred to chronicle into account the ideas of his mentor, Socrates, was by the form the dialogue. The discourse opens with a conversation with Adeimantus on the main subject of inquiry-justice. Socrates then suggests how the concept can, in its full effect, be integrated into a community by mentally conceptualizing the ideal state. One noteworthy statement with which he founded his construction: A state comes into existence because no individual is self-sufficing; we all have many needs. Such a profound and heavy thought. He then proceeds with enumerating the needs of a state and supposedly assigning each man to work towards sufficing each need according to what vocation of profession naturally befits the citizen. Each man, according to Socrates is born meant for a certain purpose and a certain duty, which he must strictly adhere to during his lifetime to maintain order, and later, what we are to di...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Microplastics and Their Environmental Effects

Microplastics and Their Environmental Effects Microplastics are small fragments of plastic material, generally defined as smaller than what can be seen by the naked eye.  Our increased reliance on plastics for countless applications has negative consequences to the environment. For example, the plastic manufacturing process is associated with air pollution, and volatile organic compounds released over the life of the plastic have deleterious health effects for humans. Plastic waste takes up significant space in landfills. However, microplastics in the aquatic environment  has been a newly emerging concern in the public consciousness. As the name implies, microplastics are very small, generally too small to see although some scientists include pieces up to 5mm in diameter (about a fifth of an inch). They are of various types, including polyethylene (e.g., plastic bags, bottles), polystyrene (e.g., food containers), nylon, or PVC. These plastic items become degraded by heat, UV light, oxidation, mechanical action, and biodegradation by living organisms like bacteria. These processes yield increasingly small particles that eventually can be classified as microplastics. Microplastics On the Beach   It appears that the beach environment, with its abundant sunlight and very high temperatures at ground level, is where the degradation processes operate fastest. On the hot sand surface, plastic trash fades, becomes brittle, then cracks and breaks down. High tides and wind pick up the tiny plastic particles and eventually add them to the growing great garbage patches found in the oceans. Since beach pollution is a major contributor of microplastic pollution, beach cleanup efforts turn out to be much more than esthetic exercises.   Environmental Effects of Microplastics Many persistent organic pollutants (for example, pesticides, PCBs, DDT, and dioxins) float around the oceans at low concentrations, but their hydrophobic nature concentrates them on the surface of plastic particles. Marine animals mistakenly feed on the microplastics, and at the same time ingest the toxic pollutants. The chemicals accumulate in the animal tissues and then increase in concentration as the pollutants are transferred up the food chain.As the plastics degrade and become brittle, they leach out monomers like BPA which can then be absorbed by marine life, with relatively little known consequences.Besides the associated chemical loads, ingested plastic materials can be damaging for marine organisms, as they can lead to digestive blockage or internal damage from abrasion. There is still much research needed to properly evaluate this issue.Being so numerous, microplastics provide abundant surfaces for small organisms to attach. This dramatic increase in colonization opportuni ties can have population-level consequences. In addition, these plastics are essentially rafts for organisms to travel further than they usually would, making them vectors for spreading invasive marine species. Microbeads A more recent source of trash in the oceans is the tiny polyethylene spheres, or microbeads, increasingly found in many consumer products. These microplastics do not come from the breakdown of larger pieces of plastic but instead are engineered additives to cosmetics and personal care products. They are most often used in skin care products and toothpaste and wash down drains, pass through water treatment plants, and end up in freshwater and marine environments. There is increased pressure for countries and states to regulate microbead use, and many large personal care product companies have pledged to find other alternatives. Sources Andrady, A. 2011. Microplastics in the Marine Environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin.Wright et al. 2013. The Physical Impacts of Microplastics on Marine Organisms: A Review. Environmental Pollution.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Performance Management - Essay Example Performance management is a whole work system that begins when a job is defined as needed. It ends when an employee leaves your organization.† (Heathfield 2009). The main objective of performance management rating is to identify the performance level of each employee on the basis of some criteria. Here performance management rating scale for a front line employee is discussed. There are so many methods available for the evaluation of the performance of an employee. The best method which can be applied in this case is Paired Comparison method. Under this method a front-line employee is compared with each other front-line employees. The criteria that can be used for the comparison are communication skill, preventability, team work, quality of the work, dedication etc. The person who conducts performance management rating will be supplied with number of slips. Each of which contains a particular rating criterion and also the names of two employees. The rater marks across or in front of the name of the employee who is better than the other with regard to the given criteria and that employee will be given one point. The employee who got the highe st number of points is considered as better than others and ranked accordingly. This can be explained with the help of an example. Consider there are four employees namely A, B, C and D and criteria used is, say, interaction with customers. Here A is compared with B, C and D. How A is compared with B is shown below. Here A gets one point as he is better than B with regard to the criteria namely interaction with customers. In the same way A is compared with C and D. Same process is done with other employees also. There should be a continuous feed back from employees and also meeting should be conducted as and when required. Answer: Performance appraisal helps the organization in taking

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Research paper on diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research paper on diabetes - Essay Example A number of major findings also contributed much to the contemporary knowledge of diabetes: taking out the pancreas will result in diabetes; the pancreas generates insulin in Langerhans’s group of cells; and giving insulin to a diabetic person is effectual medication (Pompei 39). The Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1923 was given to Banting and Best for their development of insulin and provision of insulin treatment to a teenager suffering from diabetes. It is now known that diabetes mellitus can be the outcome of lack of insulin, damaged insulin production, or resistance to the effect of insulin (Bertera 33). This knowledge was supported and enhanced by advancements in the capacity to measure levels of insulin in the mid-20th century. Some individuals with diabetes mellitus lack quantifiable insulin, whereas others, in spite of sufficient secretion of insulin, either do not produce it in a way that sustains normal physiological processes, or have organs unresponsive to its impact (Bertera 33). Nowadays it is known that a number of pathogenic mechanisms can lead to diabetes and that there is a vital connection between an individual’s genetic composition and environmental forces. Diabetes mellitus is a set of metabolic illnesses typified by high amounts of blood sugar because of defects in the secretion of insulin, insulin functioning, or both. ... Since the illness could be asymptomatic for a number of years, it is approximated that numerous older people with diabetes are not aware of their disease (Pompei 40). The commonness of this illness differs with ethnicity and racial affiliation. Hispanic whites and Hispanic blacks are roughly 1.8 times more prone to have diabetes than non-Hispanic whites (Pompei 40-41). In spite of an extended asymptomatic duration, diabetes is a severe illness related to reduced life expectancy and considerable morbidity. The kind of diabetes usually impinging on older adults is related to a rate of mortality almost twice that of individuals without this illness and a decade shorter life expectancy (Bertera 35). Inadequately regulated diabetes can be the source of dangerous deterioration in an older individual and is manifested by functional disability, muscle impairment, loss of weight, and fatigue. More permanent complications of this disease involve neuropathies, kidney failure, and poor eyesight. The prevalence of kidney disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease is intensified, and the possibility of complete loss of eyesight is heightened roughly by 40% in older adults with diabetes (Bertera 35-36). Diabetes is one of the major serious illnesses, and hence one of the major public health concerns nowadays, and its overwhelming estimated growth is mostly because of the aging of the population alongside industrialization, urbanization, and the obesity outbreak. In the 1970s, the National Diabetes Prevention and Control Program was formed to advance education, raise awareness, and regulate and prevent complications by circulating empirical knowledge (Pompei 42). Findings from empirical research are being analyzed and disseminated on a regular

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Foreign Policy Judiciary Politics Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy Judiciary Politics Essay 1. Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, these developments often face serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those who opposed the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799 Hartford Convention, 1814-1815 2. To what extent did the Jeffersonian Republican’s of economic boycott in the years 1807 – 1812 affect the new nation? 3. To what extent was the early United States foreign policy a primarily defensive reaction to actual or perceived threats from Europe? Evaluate with regard to United States foreign policy on TWO major issues during the period from 1789 – 1815. 4. Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establishing a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution John Adams Thomas Jefferson George Washington 5. Explain the influence of TWO of the following on the U.S. decision to go to war in 1812. Embargo policies of Jefferson and Madison British impressment of American seamen Settlers’ conflicts with Native Americans Expansionist goals of the war hawks 6. Compare and contrast the political and economic views of the Hamiltonian Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans. When, why and how did the differences between the two parties blur? 7. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790s. 8. Since the treaty of Ghent addressed none of the issues for which the United States had fought, the War of 1812 has no positive consequences for the American nation. Assess the validity of this statement 9. To what extent was the Election of l800 aptly named the Revolution of l800? Respond with reference to 2 of the following areas Economics

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Hakim Bey, Chaos: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism :: Essays Papers

Hakim Bey, Chaos: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism Such is the fast-paced world and style of Hakim Bey’s writings. Sporadic and rarely rounded up for interrogation, Bey’s Ontological Anarchism pervades all his writings, on topics as varied as â€Å"Islam and Eugenics†[1], â€Å"The Information War†[2], â€Å"The Evil Eye†[3], a critique of multiculturalism[4], and Celtic-African entheogens[5]. Hakim Bey’s zine writings and early 90’s hipsterism have made him known to some as â€Å"The Marco Polo of the Subunderground†[6] and a counter-cultural guru to many more. With information becoming more firm only in the last few years, Hakim Bey has been identified as a pseudonym for Peter Lamborn Wilson, a New York based translator and author. Drawing on his experiences wandering India, Asia, and North Africa, Hakim Bey authors (what offer to be) outrageous manifestos and leftist anarchist essays primarily for zine publication and distribution or for lectures and performance. He draws explicitly on a Moorish and sufiist intellectual heritage with occasional references to contemporary philosophers and cultural theorists. He situates himself as a post situationist anarchist informed by critical theory, and has written in both ctheory and Trip. Bey’s writing is ultimately so fascinating precisely because it does not fit neatly into a schools of thought, academic discipline, or a relation between the major figures of contemporary theory (eg loves Baudrillard, ignores Lacan, sometimes uses Foucault). As such, his writings are rather esoterically his own, and not only do not make their ties with other theorists explicit, but also cannot be immediately connected to theirs (because Bey’s assumptions are so different on account of his background’s differences from western academic philosophy). His work, as a theorist of media (and everything else), operates at a straightforward and accessible level, filled with obscure references that don’t point towards an expertise in his readership so much as an explosion of it. For some, his writings are meaningless babble on the level of Principia Discordia[7]. He does not get much mainstream citation except in regards to his concept of PT and the TAZ[8], but he does get plenty of crap. This disdain culminated in the publication of a ‘fake’ Hakim Bey book, actually written by â€Å"Luther Blissett†[9]. Hakim Bey is a persona. His behaviors and secrecy are all a part of the body of work of which he is accredited with authorship.

Monday, November 11, 2019

What It Takes To Have A Lasting Relationship

There are three secret C’s to building a lasting relationship. These are commitment, communication, and creativity. According to relationship experts and best-selling authors, Kathlyn and Gay Hendricks, who have been successfully married for 25 years, the first big secret to a lasting relationship is the C-word most people dread – commitment. In a romantic relationship, couples should commit to processes or how to get things done together and not to outcomes as these will not lead them their desired goals for the relationship. Similarly, speaking honestly and telling the truth are ways of committing. Contrary to what others think, secrecy and keeping a part of oneself are not healthy. Moreover, since it is not easy to fully commit, each one may sometimes fail; yet the secret is to keep on recommitting and not dwell on the failure of committing (Hughes, 2006). The second big secret according to the Hendricks is knowing how to deal with emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness. These are the most difficult feelings humans need to address; hence learning how to be aware of these feelings and to speak about these in a simple and honest way (Hughes, 2006) is crucial for the relationship. With this, healthy and open communication lines should be maintained between couples. Another big secret to a lasting relationship is creativity. The Hendricks claimed that couples should learn how to support the creative path of their partners. They further said that creativity adds to people’s attractiveness and revitalization. Moreover, creativity in individuality and in unity is also important in maintaining relationships. Hence, appreciation or gratitude for these also need to be maintained. Consequently, maintaining a relationship is not just a walk in the park for couples. For it to last, commitment, communication, and creativity are needed.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Candide Essay

Candide Essay Voltaire uses literary techniques such as satire and critique to demonstrate the cruelty and folly of humanity. He focuses on serious topics that include sexism, and reduces it to absurdity so that it is comical to the audience. Despite the fact that Voltaire constantly over- exaggerates this subject, he does not trying to reinforce them. Some might say Voltaire portrays women as objects of desire and is capitalizing on the subject but to get his point across using satire, some people will have to get offended.In Candide, Voltaire is critiquing and satirizing sexism. An example of how sexism and rape were satirized and critiqued in chapter 11 on pg 40 â€Å"I was beauty and grace itself, and I was a virgin. I was not so for long; that flower that had been reserved for the handsome Prince of Massa-Carrara was ravished from me by the pirate captain. Indeed My Lady the Princess of Palastrina and I had to be very strong to endure all we underwent until we arrived in Morocc o. But let’s get on; these things are so common that they are not worth speaking of. † Rape is a very sensitive subject.The old woman talked about the incident in a nonchalant tone and said that it was so common that it was not worth talking about. Voltaire did this to satirize what were becoming society’s â€Å"normal† views on such brutal acts. He was letting us know that rape was such a frequent thing in the time period in which he lived, that it was being viewed by society as â€Å"normal â€Å". In order to understand the book properly, it is important to recognize that Voltaire was attempting to portray the problems within society such as sexism, by using satire to help the people this era realize what they were doing was wrong.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

The world is so complex, no one can possibly understand it. Agree or disagree

The world is so complex, no one can possibly understand it. Agree or disagree Nowadays, the world population is about 7 billion people and predicts that this figure will continue to grow rapidly in the next several years. While overpopulation, society must focus to human development, this leads to many negative consequences, including making the world more complicated. As a child, people have thought very simple but when they get older, they think all the more complicated. Likewise, for the poor, everything is simple but for the rich, everything is more complicated.Peppers Butternut squash tomato onions garlic dinn...In fact, this world is simply but the human heart is complicated. Ultimately, the human heart is simply, because there are so dominant benefit humans become more complex. For example, the political situation in many countries is now very unstable. There are many protests for multi-party government occurs in Thailand, many terrorist attacks or suicide bombings in the Middle East. Moreover, stress on the nuclear issue between the U.S. and North Kore a is interested.Furthermore, each person has a different preference. Therefore, today's developing technology to serve the purpose of each one. I hear many people say that they want a simpler life, but they make it simple as well as understand it, they make it more complicated. Many people believe that technology will help make things simpler so they constantly evolving technology. However, there is a truth they do not know that they are driven and controlled...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Agreement may not be necessary

Agreement may not be necessary Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Agreement may not be necessary Every contract is an agreement but agreement may not necessary to be considered as contracts if the agreement does not made in lawful way. A binding contract consists of these four essentials which consist, an offer s.2(a) CA1950, an acceptance s.2(b) CA 1950, consideration s.2(d) CA1950, as well as intention to create legal relations (Adams 2010). On the other hand, (Ayus, 2009,page 197) defined an offer as â€Å"an ‘intimation’, by words or conduct, of a willingness to enter into a legally binding contract, and which in its terms expressly or impliedly indicates that it is to become binding on the offeror as soon as it has been accepted by an act, forbearance or return promise on the person to whom it is addressed†. However, based on the opinion given by Duxbury (1991), an acceptance may be defined as an unconditional assent, which communicated by the offeree to the offeror, to all terms of the offer, made with the intention of ac cepting. It should be noted here that a contract will not be binding unless the parties have expressed themselves with reasonable certainty. 1.0 Issue The issue of this question is about a sale of car for RM30, 000 that advertised in the local newspaper by Ah Chong, whether or not he has a contract with any of the three parties. This question is regarding offer and acceptance whereby offeror signifies his willingness to do something or not to do, with a view to obtaining the consent given from the offeree. 2.0 Law S.2(a) CA1950 defined offeror/proposal as stated in appendix. In unilateral contracts, the party who offers something to offeree/acceptor may not necessary to be an offeror, but an offeree which is stated in s.2(b) CA1950. A contract binds between offeror and offeree by completing communication of proposal, acceptance, and revocation that stated in s.4(1), s.4(2), and s.4(3) of CA1950 respectively. According to s.4(1) CA1950, it stated that: â€Å"the communication of a p roposal is complete when it comes to the knowledge of offeree†. In other word, proposal is effective upon its communication has been communicated to the offeree. When offeree reply his/her acceptance (by email, by post, by hand) to the offeror, there is an official contract exists between the both parties – s.4(2)(b) CA1950. In postal rule, the moment offeree posted his/her acceptance letter into postbox, the contract binds offeror provided that the letter has been placed into the hand of the relevant postal authorities – s.4(2)(a) CA1950. Acceptance must be made within a reasonable time embodied in s.6(b) CA1950. On the other hand, in situation whereby offeree posted an acceptance, it must be certain and fixed based on the condition given by the offeror since the offer contained the element of consideration [s.2(d) CA1950] by offeror and shall not be in the midst of negotiating or bargaining s.7(a) CA1950. Hence, a purported acceptance that is different from the stipulated in the offer would not be an acceptance in law and may end up to a counter-offer. (Nabi Baksh & Arujunan 2005)

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Building Sector and Energy Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Building Sector and Energy Consumption - Essay Example From this essay it is clear tha the ‘average’ building implements materials with relatively low embodied energy and a limited amount of HVAC equipment. The energy ‘efficient’ building achieves an 80% reduction in heating energy demand and 40% reduction in cooling energy demand. The LCA shows how, even with a very significant reduction in operating energy consumption, the energy ‘efficient’ building may consume more energy than the ‘average’ one in relatively short life times if no care is taken about its embodied energy.This paper stresses that the effect of transportation energy requirement becomes also evident in this case, being the highest energy contribution for the ‘average’ building, and the second one, after the embodied energy, for the energy ‘efficient’ building. From a building energy point of view, these distributed urbanization schemes offer more chances for energy efficiency measures and appli cation of renewable energy technologies than centralized urbanization schemes. It is just through transportation energy requirements that sustainable building considerations interact with the higher structure sustainable urbanization approach.  Building energy assessment, extended to its design, construction, and useful life, allows for a proper quantification of the building's energy implications, and hence provides the basis for appropriate planning in the sector.  Energy regulation has a perceptive character, and its objective should be to establish and limit the upper bound for the buildings energy consumption.... ows how, even with a long analysis period (100 years), the energy 'efficient' building may consume more energy than the 'average' one if care is not taken about its EE. Evolution of accumulated energy consumption for two 150 m2 dwellings, an average one and another with pretensions of energy efficiency on basis of its reduced operating energy demand. (Laustsen, 2003) The results presented in Fig. 1 assumed a rather low increase in operational energy efficiency, but even with higher energy efficiency improvements we may find similar results with lower life cycle periods. The 'average' building implements materials with relatively low embodied energy and a limited amount of HVAC equipment. The energy 'efficient' building achieves an 80% reduction in heating energy demand and 40% reduction in cooling energy demand. The LCA shows how, even with a very significant reduction in operating energy consumption, the energy 'efficient' building may consume more energy than the 'average' one in relatively short life times if no care is taken about its embodied energy. Life cycle analysis for two 150 m2 dwellings, an average one and another with pretensions of energy efficiency on basis of its reduced operating energy demand, for a life time of 30 years. (Addis, 2002) The effect of transportation energy requirement becomes also evident in this case, being the highest energy contribution for the 'average' building, and the second one, after the embodied energy, for the energy 'efficient' building. From a building energy point of view, these distributed urbanization schemes offer more chances for energy efficiency measures and application of renewable energy technologies than centralized urbanization schemes. It is just through transportation energy requirements that sustainable